Curriculum vitae

Name Surname Romuald Obuchovski
Education
Institution Qualification, academic degree, academic title Year
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Bachelor in Geodesy, higher education 2000
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University PhD 2006
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Associate Professor 2012
Work experience
Employer Occupation Period
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Engineer at the Institute of Geodesy 2001-2006
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Associate Professor at the Department of Geodesy and Cadastre 2007--
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Head of the CIMC Geodesy Laboratory 2012-2018
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Researcher at the Institute of Geodesy 2014-2018
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Project Manager at the Institute of Geodesy 2018-2022
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Researcher at the Institute of Geodesy 2022--
Scientific works, works of artistic creation
Period Work title and description
2006-- His main activities and responsibilities are related to Establishment and measurements of geodetic networks; Geodetic measurements in construction industry. His research interests are related to physical geodesy (research on geomagnetic and gravity fields and its modelling). He has also participated in several Erasmus+ projects
2015-2016 Geomagnetic declination measurements and their processing at the Šiauliai military aerodrome
Main publications, monographs, art works, patents
Field of Science Publications Year
10T Petroškevičius Petras, Birvydienė Rosita, Obuchovski Romuald, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Matavimų Scintrex CG-5 gravimetrais analizė // Geodesy and cartography, Vilnius : Technika. ISSN 2029-6991. Vol. 37, no. 4 (2011) p. 154-158 2011
10T Antanavičiūtė Urtė, Obuchovski Romuald, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Popovas Darius, Šlikas Dominykas, Some issues regarding the calibration of the terrestrial laser scanner Leica Scanstation C10 // Geodesy and cartography, Vilnius : Technika. ISSN 2029-6991. Vol. 39, no. 3(2013) p. 138-143 2013
10T Petroškevičius Petras, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Birvydienė Rosita, Popovas Darius, Obuchovski Romuald, Papšienė Lina, The quality analysis of the national gravimetric network of Lithuania // Geodetski vestnik, Ljubljana : Association of Surveyors of Slovenia.. ISSN 0351-0271. Vol. 58, no. 4 (2014) p. 746-755 2014
10T Petroškevičius Petras, Popovas Darius, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Šlikas Dominykas, Obuchovski Romuald, Birvydienė Rosita, An analysis of the equipotential surface waves of the Earth’s gravity field // Journal of vibroengineering, Kaunas : Vibromechanika. ISSN 1392-8716. Vol. 16, iss. 5 (2014) p. 2139-2148 2014
Measurement Engineering Būga, Arūnas; Birvydienė, Rosita; Kolosovskis, Ričardas; Krikštaponis, Boleslovas; Obuchovski, Romuald; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas; Putrimas, Raimundas; Šlikas, Dominykas. Analysis of the calibration quality of the Kyviškės calibration baseline // Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica. Amsterdam : Springer. ISSN 2213-5812. eISSN 2213-5820. 2016, vol. 51, iss. 3, p. 505-514. DOI: 10.1007/s40328-015-0140-6. 2016
Measurement Engineering Suchocki, Czesław; Jagoda, Marcin; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Sužiedelytė-Visockienė, Jūratė. The properties of terrestrial laser system intensity in measurements of technical conditions of architectural structures // Metrology and measurement systems. Warsaw : Polish Academy of Sciences. ISSN 0860-8229. eISSN 2300-1941. 2018, vol. 28, iss. 4, p. 779-792. DOI: 10.24425/mms.2018.124886. 2018
Measurement Engineering Jagoda, Marcin; Rutkowska, Miłosława; Lejba, Paweł; Katzer, Jacek; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas. Satellite laser ranging for retrieval of the local values of the Love h2 and Shida l2 numbers for the Australian ILRS stations // Sensors: Special issue: Satellite and UAV platforms, remote sensing for geographic information systems. Basel : MDPI. ISSN 1424-8220. eISSN 1424-8220. 2020, vol. 20, iss. 23, art. no. 6851, p. 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/s20236851. 2020
Measurement Engineering Skeivalas, Jonas; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Šlikas, Dominykas; Obuchovski, Romuald; Birvydienė, Rosita. On analysis of seismic vibrations data applying Doppler effect expression // Advances in civil engineering. London : Hindawi. ISSN 1687-8086. eISSN 1687-8094. 2021, vol. 2021, art. no: 8839828, p. 1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8839828. 2021
Measurement Engineering Skeivalas, Jonas; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Šlikas, Dominykas; Obuchovski, Romuald. Predictive models for identification of parameters of seismic vibrations by applying the theory of covariance functions // Indian journal of physics. Kolkata : Springer. ISSN 0973-1458. eISSN 0974-9845. 2021, vol. 95, iss. 7, p. 1373-1380. DOI: 10.1007/s12648-019-01665-7. 2021
Measurement Engineering Petroškevičius, Petras; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Birvydienė, Rosita; Putrimas, Raimundas; Krikštaponis, Boleslovas; Kolosovskis, Ričardas; Būga, Arūnas; Popovas, Darius. The gravity survey and the gravimetric map of the territory of Lithuania // Baltica. Vilnius : Gamtos tyrimų centras. ISSN 0067-3064. eISSN 1648-858X. 2022, vol. 35, no. 1, p. 71-79. DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2022.1.6. 2022
Measurement Engineering Skeivalas, Jonas; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Šlikas, Dominykas; Obuchovski, Romuald; Putrimas, Raimundas. Constructing predictive models for seismic oscillation parameters using covariance functions and Doppler effect phenomena: A case study of InSight mission V2 data // EPL: Europhysics letters. Bristol : IOP publishing. ISSN 0295-5075. eISSN 1286-4854. 2024, vol. 146, iss. 4, art. no. 49001, p. 1-6. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/ad4412. 2024
Measurement Engineering Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas. Analysis of covariance in digital images of astronomical objects based on image fragments // Remote sensing letters. Oxon : Taylor&Francis. ISSN 2150-704X. eISSN 2150-7058. 2025, vol. 16, iss. 6, p. 644-653. DOI: 10.1080/2150704X.2025.2491800. 2025
Participation in conferences
Date Title of the conference and speech title
2005-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Putrimas Raimundas, Krikštaponis Boleslovas, Būga Arūnas, Neseckas Algirdas, Obuchovski Romuald, Stepanovienė Jadvyga, Tumelienė Eglė, Viskontas Povilas, Zigmantienė Evelina, Analysis of normal height differences determination in Lithuanian national geodetic vertical network // The 6th International Conference Environmental Engineering, Vilnius : Technika, 2005 p. 975-984. [Duomenų bazės: ]
2005-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Viskontas Povilas, Grigas Mindaugas, Obuchovski Romuald, Kolosovskis Ričardas, Baronas Tomas, Technical equipment and software of European sea level service site Klaipėda // The 6th International Conference Environmental Engineering, Vilnius : Technika, 2005 p. 964-968. [Duomenų bazės: ISI Proceedings]
2005-01-01 Kowalik Bartlomiej, Obuchovski Romuald, Investigation of geomagnetic field on the Lithuanian territory // Environmental Engineering. 6th International Conference, May 26-27, Vilnius, Lithuania[elektroninis išteklius, Vilnius : Technika, 2005 p. 1-5
2005-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Putrimas Raimundas, Krikštaponis Boleslovas, Būga Arūnas, Neseckas Algirdas, Obuchovski Romuald, Stepanovienė Jadvyga, Tumelienė Eglė, Viskontas Povilas, Zigmantienė Evelina, Analysis of normal height differences determination in Lithuanian national geodetic vertical network // Environmental Engineering. 6th International Conference, May 26-27, Vilnius, Lithuania, Vilnius : Technika, 2005 p. 1-10
2005-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Viskontas Povilas, Grigas Mindaugas, Obuchovski Romuald, Kolosovskis Ričardas, Baronas Tomas, Technical equipment and software of European sea level service site Klaipėda // Environmental Engineering. 6th International Conference, May 26-27, Vilnius, Lithuania[elektroninis išteklius, Vilnius : Technika, 2005 p. 1-5
2008-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Popovas Darius, Krikštaponis Boleslovas, Putrimas Raimundas, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Estimation of gravity field non-homogeneity and variation for the vertical network observations // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering": selected papers, May 22-23, 2008 Vilnius, Lithuania. Vol. 3, Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. 1439-1445. [Duomenų bazės: ISI Proceedings]
2008-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Continuation of research on magnetic field secular variation in Lithuania // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering": selected papers, May 22-23, 2008 Vilnius, Lithuania. Vol. 3, Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. 1434-1438. [Duomenų bazės: ISI Proceedings]
2008-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Popovas Darius, Krikštaponis Boleslovas, Putrimas Raimundas, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Estimation of gravity field non-homogeneity and variation for the vertical network observations // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering", Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. [1-7]
2008-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Petroškevičius Petras, Obuchovski Romuald, Analysis of gravimetric observations made by SCINTREX CG-5 // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering", Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. [1-7]
2008-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Continuation of research on magnetic field secular variation in Lithuania // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering", Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. [1-5]
2008-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Petroškevičius Petras, Obuchovski Romuald, Analysis of gravimetric observations made by SCINTREX CG-5 // The 7th International conference "Environmental engineering": selected papers, May 22-23, 2008 Vilnius, Lithuania. Vol. 3, Vilnius : Technika, 2008 p. 1422-1433. [Duomenų bazės: ISI Proceedings]
2011-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Petroškevičius Petras, Birvydienė Rosita, Obuchovski Romuald, Investigation of the automatic gravimeters scintrex CG-5 and analysis of gravimetric measurements // 8th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 19-20, 2011, Vilnius, Lithuania, Vilnius : Technika, 2011 p. 1416-1423. [Duomenų bazės: Conference Proceedings Citation Index]
2011-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Petroškevičius Petras, Birvydienė Rosita, Obuchovski Romuald, Investigation of the automatic gravimeters scintrex CG-5 and analysis of gravimetric measurements // 8th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 19-20, 2011, Vilnius, Lithuania CD, Vilnius : Technika, 2011 p. 1416-1423
2011-01-01 Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Petroškevičius Petras, Geomagnetic field survey activities in Lithuania // 8th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 19-20, 2011, Vilnius, Lithuania CD, Vilnius : Technika, 2011 p. 1306-1309
2011-01-01 Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Petroškevičius Petras, Geomagnetic field survey activities in Lithuania // 8th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 19-20, 2011, Vilnius, Lithuania, Vilnius : Technika, 2011 p. 1306-1309. [Duomenų bazės: Conference Proceedings Citation Index]
2013-01-01 Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Petroškevičius Petras, Obuchovski Romuald, Birvydienė Rosita, An investigation of the automatic relative gravimeters // Solid State Phenomena: Mechatronic Systems and Materials V, Zurich : Trans Tech Publications Ltd p. 261-266
2014-01-01 Dijkstra Paula, Pirlot Jean Yves, Penkov Veliko, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Wijngaarde Mark, Donert Karl, Frigne Dirk, Westerbeek Hendrik, Levoleger Karen, Popovas Darius, Obuchovski Romuald, Šlikas Dominykas, Būga Arūnas, Promoting of the geospatial skills: introduction into geoskills plus project of the Leonardo da Vinci programme // EDULEARN 14: 6th International conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona, Spain, 7-9 July, 2014, Valencia : IATED, 2014 p. 7587-7596
2014-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Latest research on geomagnetic field in Lithuania // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers CD, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-5]
2014-01-01 Obuchovski Romuald, Petroškevičius Petras, Popovas Darius, Analysis of vertical deflection periodic variations // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers CD, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-6]
2014-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Birvydienė Rosita, Obuchovski Romuald, Investigation on the determination feasibility of the non-parallelity of the gravity field equipotential surfaces // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers CD, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-5]
2014-01-01 Obuchovski Romuald, Petroškevičius Petras, Popovas Darius, Analysis of vertical deflection periodic variations // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-6]. [Duomenų bazės: Conference Proceedings Citation Index]
2014-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Būga Arūnas, Obuchovski Romuald, Latest research on geomagnetic field in Lithuania // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-5]. [Duomenų bazės: Conference Proceedings Citation Index]
2014-01-01 Petroškevičius Petras, Birvydienė Rosita, Obuchovski Romuald, Investigation on the determination feasibility of the non-parallelity of the gravity field equipotential surfaces // 9th International Conference "Environmental Engineering", May 22-23, 2014, Vilnius, Lithuania: selected papers, Vilnius : Technika, 2014 p. [1-5]. [Duomenų bazės: Conference Proceedings Citation Index]
2015-01-01 Dijkstra Paula, Pirlot Jean Yves, Velichkov Dimitar, Paršeliūnas Eimuntas Kazimieras, Wijngaarde Mark, Donert Karl, Frigne Dirk, Westerbeek Hendrik, Levoleger Karen, Popovas Darius, Obuchovski Romuald, Šlikas Dominykas, Būga Arūnas, Promoting of the geospatial skills: first results of the geoskills plus project of the Leonardo Da Vinci programme // EDULEARN 15 Proceedings, Valencia : IATED, 2015 p. 7270-7280
2017-01-01 Birvydienė, Rosita; Butkus, Algirdas; Būga, Arūnas; Dedela, Ramūnas; Kolosovskis, Ričardas; Krikštaponis, Boleslovas; Musteikis, Arvydas; Neseckas, Algirdas; Obuchovski, Romuald; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Petniūnas, Marius; Petroškevičius, Petras; Puškorius, Vytautas; Putrimas, Raimundas; Skuodis, Gediminas; Stepanovienė, Jadvyga; Šlikas, Dominykas; Šorys, Tautvydas; Tumelienė, Eglė; Valotka, Simonas; Viskontas, Povilas; Zigmantienė, Evelina. Final results of establishment of the geodetic vertical second order network of Lithuania // 10th International conference "Environmental Engineering", 27-28 April 2017, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania. Vilnius : VGTU Press, 2017, art. no. enviro.2017.166. eISBN 9786094760440. eISSN 2029-7092. p. 1-10. DOI: 10.3846/enviro.2017.166.
2017-01-01 Obuchovski, Romuald; Petroškevičius, Petras; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Puškorius, Vytautas; Šlikas, Dominykas; Viskontas, Povilas; Zigmantienė, Evelina. On the quality parameters of the modern gravity survey of the Lithuanian territory // Baltic Geodetic Congress (BGC Geomatics), Gdansk University of Technology, 22-25 June 2017, Poland. New York : IEEE, 2017. eISBN 9781509060405. p. 263-266. DOI: 10.1109/BGC.Geomatics.2017.16.
2018-01-01 Pilesjo, Petter; Mansourian, Ali; Goncalves, Alexandre; Vanleeuwen, Louise; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Sužiedelytė-Visockienė, Jūratė; Popovas, Darius; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Būga, Arūnas; Manafi, Milad; Toomanian, Ara; Saeed, Mohammed Aziz; Albazzaz, Rund Hammoudi; Yasrebi, Ehsan. Promoting of the geospatial experience: introduction into international MSC educational programme in environmental management and modelling // EDULEARN 18: 10th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Palma de Mallorca (Spain), 2nd - 4th of July, 2018 : conference proceedings. Valencia : IATED, 2018. ISBN 9788409027095. eISSN 2340-1117. p. 1-10. DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2018.2120.
2019-01-01 Mansourian, Ali; Pilesjo, Petter; Runnstrom, Micael; Groth, Roger; Rocha, Jorge Gustavo; Santos, Maribe; Vieira, Antonio; Kavouras, Marinos; Kokla, Margarita; Tomai, Eleni; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Sužiedelytė Visockienė, Jūratė; Popovas, Darius; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Kozlovska, Justyna; Būga, Arūnas; Matchanov, Muzaffar; Avezov, Sattarbergan; Sultanov, Murod; Tilenova, Damira; Akmatov, Ruslan; Toktoraliev, Erkin; Ergeshova, Gulshan; Nizamiev, Abdurashit; Umaraliev, Ruslan; Bekaeva, Mayra; Abdireimov, Salauat; Statov, Viktor. Promoting of the geospatial methods: introduction into international educational courses in environmental protection and disaster risk management // EDULEARN19 proceedings: 11th international conference on education and new learning technologies, 1-3 July, 2019, Palma, Spain. Valencia : IATED, 2019. ISBN 9788409120314. ISSN 2340-1117. p. 2702-2711. DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2019.0739.
2020-01-01 Mansourian, Ali; Pilesjo, Petter; Runnstrom, Micael; Groth, Roger; Gonçalves, Alexandre Bacelar; Falcão, Ana Paula; Kavouras, Marinos; Tomai, Eleni; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Sužiedelytė Visockienė, Jūratė; Popovas, Darius; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Kozlovska, Justyna; Būga, Arūnas; Prudham, Marcellin; Hangouët, Jean-François; Toomanian, Ara; Barati, Naser; Torabzadehkhorasani, Hossein; Al-Shalabi, Mohamed Abdullah; Khambari, Khaled; Almaliki, Mohammed Mansoor Abdo; Othman, Jalal Abdu Ibraheem. Promoting of the geospatial methods: introduction into international educational courses on environmental management in the Middle-East // EDULEARN 20: 12th international conference on education and new learning technologies online conference, 6-7 July 2020. Palma : IATED, 2020. eISBN 9788409179794. eISSN 2340-1117. p. 6186-6195. DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2020.1621.
2021-01-01 Sužiedelytė Visockienė, Jūratė; Kaminskis, Janis; Popovas, Darius; Kalinka, Maris; Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Stamure, Iveta. Experience of management and study of the joint master degree study programme “Innovative solutions in geomatics” // EDULEARN 21 : 13th international conference on Education and new learning technologies : conference proceedings; July 5th-6th, 2021 [online conference]. Valencia : IATED, 2021. ISBN 9788409312672. p. 235-243. (EDULEARN proceedings, ISSN 2340-1117). DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2021.0082.
2024-01-01 Paršeliūnas, Eimuntas Kazimieras; Obuchovski, Romuald; Šlikas, Dominykas; Popovas, Darius. Rising motivation in studying gravimetry at bachelor degree level // Edulearn24: 16th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Palma, Spain, 1-3 July 2024: conference proceedings. Burjassot : IATED, 2024. ISBN 9788409629381. ISSN 2340-1117. p. 9054-9063. DOI: 10.21125/edulearn.2024.2182.
Foreign languages
A1/2: beginner; B1/2: advanced user; C1/2: proficient user;
Speaking Understanding Writing
English A2 A2 A2
polish C2 C2 C2
russian A2 A2 A2
Teaching subjects
Level of studies Subject title
Master Degree Studies Electronic Systems of Geodetic Measurements
Master Degree Studies Graphical Systems in Engineering Geodesy
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodesy 2
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodesy 1
Bachelor Degree Studies Elektronic Geodetic Instruments
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodetic Information Systems 2
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodetic Information Systems 1
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodesy
Bachelor Degree Studies Physical Geodesy
Bachelor Degree Studies Engineering Geodesy and Practice
Bachelor Degree Studies Geodetic Information Systems
Improvement of qualification (internships, lasting more than two weeks, trainings, seminars, not less than 8
Institution Country Subject Period
UAB "Geodezininkų biuras" Lithuania To gain practical experience related to the subjects taught and be able to apply it in teaching; to prepare new tasks for exercises or laboratory work 2012-2012
Participation in projects
Period Project description
2013-2015 Exchange of best practices in transferring GEO vocational education innovations to meet the needs of the GEO labor market in Europe in line with EU policy, GEO VET Skills Plus, start/end: 2013-10-01 / 2015-09-30
2017-2020 585382-EPP-1-2017-1-SE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, Environmental Protection in Central Asia: Disaster Risk Management with Spatial Methods, Erasmus+ KA 2 Capacity Building Projects
2018-2021 598189-EPP-1-2018-1-SE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MIDDLE-EAST: SPATIAL APPROACHES, ERASMUS+ CAPACITY BUILDING IN HIGHER EDUCATION,
2021-2022 1DPS-719-(4.27 E.)/21953 National Land Service, Improvement of the Lithuanian state vertical network by development of the third order vertical network, 2021-2022.
2021-2022 1DPS-3099-(4.27 E.)/22636 National Land Service, Gravity survey in the Baltic sea and Curonian lagoon (Lithuanian waters)
2022-2024 Homogenized marine gravity maps of southern and eastern Baltic Sea for modern 3D applications in marine geodesy, geology and navigation
Membership in international organizations, committees, expert activity, participation in editorial boards
Period Title
2021-- Association of Geographic Information Laboratories in Europe (AGILE)
Other activities
Lectures for schoolchildren and students (Researchers' Nights, Open Days, Spaceship Earth, LITEXPO, etc.)