Until recently, buildings were primarily designed to withstand conventional loads such as wind, snow, and everyday use. However, geopolitical developments in Europe and around the world are changing perspectives in Lithuania as well: the resilience of infrastructure to extreme scenarios, such as explosions, is becoming an integral part of the design process.
Dr. Povilas Dabrila, a junior researcher at the Department of Steel and Composite Structures of the Faculty of Civil Engineering at VILNIUS TECH University, says that explosions are a rare but high-consequence threat, and traditional design approaches do not always account for such scenarios.
Povilas Dabrila
“The war in Ukraine has forced us to rethink many things. One of them is how we design, maintain, and protect infrastructure. For a long time, we focused mainly on conventional impacts: snow, wind, operational loads on buildings and bridges, and energy efficiency. Today, however, it is clear that infrastructure may also face far more dangerous scenarios, such as explosions or vehicle impacts,” he explains.
According to him, infrastructure becomes even more important during crises, as people’s safety may depend on it.
“Bridges, roads, buildings, energy facilities, and communication networks are essential not only for everyday life. If a bridge collapses or communications fail during a crisis, emergency assistance may not arrive in time. This is no longer merely a technical loss—it can cost lives. Therefore, infrastructure resilience today is not just an engineering issue; it is also a matter of public safety, crisis preparedness, and national resilience,” emphasizes Dabrila.
What happens during an explosion?
The researcher explains that the effect of an explosion on structures differs fundamentally from conventional loads.
“An explosion affects a building extremely suddenly. A blast wave forms and, within a very short time, transfers significant pressure to the façade, windows, walls, and floors. What distinguishes an explosion from other challenging conditions is the duration of its impact. Snow loads a structure gradually over a long period, and even wind is not as sudden as an explosion. In the case of an explosion, the impact is felt almost instantly.”
As a result, structures respond differently as well.
“The key question is not only whether an element can withstand the load. What also matters is how it behaves under dynamic loading—how it deforms and whether it maintains its integrity.”
According to Dabrila, explosions often first damage weaker elements such as windows, façade components, and non-load-bearing walls. The greatest risk arises when load-bearing elements are damaged, leading to more extensive structural failures. In such cases, collapse may occur.
“In rare cases, localized damage can trigger a much larger collapse. For example, if a single column is damaged, internal forces are redistributed to other elements, which may also fail, causing the collapse to spread further. It is important to note that such situations are rare in ordinary buildings. Buildings are designed with safety margins, and regulations require the evaluation of structural safety and reliability.”
Reducing the impact is essential
According to Dabrila, blast resistance requires a comprehensive approach: both the resilience of the structure itself and measures that either increase the distance between the explosion and the building or reduce the impact of the blast.
“A building’s resistance to explosions does not depend solely on stronger walls or columns. It is a system-wide issue: how the building is designed, how it behaves when damaged, and what additional measures reduce the impact before it reaches the structure. From a structural perspective, the most important thing is sufficient load-bearing capacity. If a column, beam, slab, or connection is damaged, internal forces should be able to redistribute to other structural elements. Then the failure of one element does not necessarily lead to the collapse of the entire structure.”
It is also important to understand how the structure behaves under sudden loads. Explosion loads are extremely intense and short-lived, so engineers must evaluate not only whether a component can withstand the load but also how it deforms and whether the structure retains its integrity.
Equally important are measures that reduce the impact itself.
“These may include standoff distances, earth berms, concrete barriers, additional protective structures, screens, or nets. Their purpose is to move the threat farther away, block direct impact, or absorb part of the energy so that it does not reach the primary structure. We can see practical examples in Ukraine. The country employs various protective solutions, ranging from additional structural elements to protective nets that reduce the risk of direct drone strikes or other impacts.”
How blast resistance is achieved
According to Dabrila, designing structures that are more resistant to explosions involves solutions at several levels — from reducing the impact itself to strengthening the structure.
“The first goal is to reduce the impact before it reaches the building. This can be achieved through standoff distances, concrete blocks, earth berms, barriers, protective fences, anti-drone nets, or additional structural installations. At the same time, the most critical structural components — columns, slabs, walls, and connections — are strengthened. This can be done using steel, reinforced concrete, composite materials, or additional bracing.”
Energy-absorbing systems are also used, including protective panels, multilayer façades, and composite modules. Their purpose is to absorb part of the blast energy and reduce damage to the primary structure.
According to Dabrila, digital technologies make it possible to evaluate potential scenarios in advance.
“Modeling is also extremely important. Today, numerical models allow us to evaluate how a building or its individual elements would behave during an explosion, impact, or another extreme event. This enables us to base decisions on calculations and testing rather than assumptions. In the future, I believe we will see more lightweight, easily installable protective systems — for example, multilayer composite modules that can be used to protect existing buildings and infrastructure.”
Science is seeking practical solutions
Dabrila explains that research in this field is focused not only on theory but also on practical applications in infrastructure design. The Faculty of Civil Engineering at VILNIUS TECH studies how structures and materials behave under complex loading conditions.
“Our research focuses on structural resistance to extreme loads and the development of lightweight multilayer composite systems. We are looking for solutions that could provide additional protection for buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure against impacts, blast waves, high temperatures, and similar threats. One area of research involves protective composite modules that could be installed on existing structures and serve as an additional protective layer.”
According to him, both the materials and their internal structure are important.
“Different layers, materials, and internal geometries can be combined, including energy-absorbing structures. The goal is to make the protection as lightweight as possible while maximizing energy absorption.”
Experimental testing conducted at the faculty helps researchers understand the real behavior of materials, while numerical modeling allows this knowledge to be applied on a larger scale.
“Through testing, we observe how materials actually deform and fail. Modeling allows us to scale those results up — for example, evaluating not only a small specimen but also a structural component or a real-world structure. Such research is important because it can lead to practical recommendations: which materials to choose, what layer configurations to use, how to attach protective modules, and where protection would provide the greatest benefit.”
The goal is to control damage
Dabrila stresses that it is impossible to make buildings completely resistant to explosions. Everything depends on the size of the explosion, the distance from the blast, the building’s structural system, the surrounding environment, and how the impact reaches the building.
“The primary objective is usually not to make a building ‘indestructible’ but to control the damage. This means setting clear priorities. The most important goals are protecting people, preventing sudden collapse, reducing damage, and, if possible, maintaining critical functions.”
In Dabrila’s view, assessing infrastructure resilience against extreme scenarios has not yet become common practice in Lithuania. Explosions and other extreme scenarios are typically considered only for specific types of facilities. However, changing circumstances are also changing design priorities.
“There is increasing discussion about civil protection, critical infrastructure security, and the resilience of facilities under crisis conditions. As a result, this topic is gradually moving from a narrow specialist field into a broader engineering and national security issue.”
He notes that much still depends on the client’s perspective.
“Such solutions often involve additional costs, while their benefits become apparent only during a crisis. As a result, it can be difficult to justify the investment, especially when the primary focus is minimizing construction costs.”
Nevertheless, he believes that building resilience should be viewed not as an extra expense but as a risk management measure.
“Resilience is not a luxury — it is risk management. Not every project requires the most expensive solutions, but critical facilities should be subject to higher standards. Sometimes even simple measures — better site planning, protective barriers, or strengthening critical structural elements—can significantly reduce risk.”
In his opinion, infrastructure security will increasingly be viewed as part of national resilience.
“Whether such solutions become a standard part of the design process will depend on clients’ attitudes and on clear requirements and methodologies. Designers need to know when such scenarios must be assessed and how to evaluate them. I believe that, at least for critical infrastructure, such assessments should become standard practice. Not every building requires the same level of protection, but the most important facilities should be designed with extreme scenarios in mind.”
